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Philips Lumileds Explains Method of Assessing LED Array “Lifetime” Performance in New White PaperMay 6, 2010...Philips has published a new white paper
entitled "Evaluating the Lifetime Behavior of LED Systems" that Philips says provides a methodology for evaluating how arrays of LEDs behave over time. The methodology also explains how LED luminaire manufacturers can make business decisions such as warranty commitments.
While many manufacturers have substituted the lifetime of a single LED to be the lifetime of a luminaire, the paper goes beyond simple lumen maintenance data which describes how a single LED behaves and addresses the more common lighting system which uses multiple LEDs in a wide variety of use conditions.
Philips asserts that a more accurate estimation of an LED luminaire’s usable life is determined by a manufacturer’s determination of expected lumen maintenance of the multiple LEDs and by the actual usable life of the many components included in the system.
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Teridian, Synapse Wireless and California Eastern Laboratories Showcase Energy Measurement Design Solution |
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The Universities at Shady Grove Lights Parking Garage with Cree LEDs
SSLighting Design News Staff
May 3, 2010...The Universities at Shady Grove has recently opened its first LED lit parking garage in which 200 LED fixtures with Cree LEDs illuminate a 193,000 square foot structure. The garage is located on the north side of USG’s campus. It adds an additional 600 parking spaces and features LED lighting applications throughout all decks, including in the elevator lobbies, stairwells, the pedestrian walkway, and the outside driveway.
USG anticipates a savings of 189,000 kilowatt hours per year by using energy-efficient LEDs as opposed to traditional lighting sources.
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LEDs from Dominant Opto in Kia Sportage Interior
LIGHTimes News Staff
May 3, 2010...LEDs from Dominant Opto Technologies of Malaysia brighten the interior of the third generation of Kia’s Sportage car presented at the 80th Geneva Motor Show, March 2010. In the cockpit-dashboard cell, DomiLED and SpiceLED in special customized colors provide accent lighting. They are implemented not only in the backlighting of the extravagant dashboard but also in various buttons and switches as indicator light source such as green DomiLEDs in the auto temperature controller (ATC) and amber DomiLEDs in the audio and LCD buttons. Dominant says that Kia’s design team choose its DomiLEDs and SpiceLEDs not only due to their low power consumption and high functionality but also due to the extremely small size. In automotive applications compact size is a crucial benefit for automobile designers replacing traditional light sources with LEDs because space is limited.
K&H Industries And PG&E Partner on LED StarBeam Spotlight for Maintenance Vehicles
SSLighting Design News Staff
May 3, 2010...In June 2009, K&H Industries, Inc. was approached by PG&E to design a dual-lamphead remote controlled spotlight with high light output and low amperage draw. This design project was partially funded by the US Recovery and Reinvestment Act with the purpose of creating a prototype ‘green’ utility maintenance vehicle. The dual-lamphead spotlight was one of many new green technologies to be incorporated into the vehicle.
At the time, K&H Industries had experimented with LED technology but hadn’t brought any final product offering to market.
The LED StarBeam, SB-101T-LT432 features
LED Luxeon® K2 lampheads, durable aluminum housing with protective polycarbonate lens used for the new StarBeam remote control spotlight features durable aluminum housing, and a protective polycarbonate lens. It contains ten 3-watt Luxeon® K2 LEDs and is available in either 12v or 24v. Bright lumen output tops 3,000 lumens with an under six-amperage draw.
The twin rotating lampheads have 330 degree control in both the horizontal and vertical axes. The the company contends that the lampheads and motor housing are weatherproof in the most extreme weather situations such as: snow, ice, or rain.
“The advantage of LED is the intense light output while keeping the amperage draw low. The new LED Luxeon K2 LEDs offer many benefits to customers compared to incandescent bulbs including lamphead durability that results in increased bulb life expectancy and longevity of over 50,000 run-time hours,” explained John Herc, K&H Industries’ Vice President of Sales and Marketing.
“We completed the prototype within 35 days of the initial request,” commented Herc.
The final testing phase was completed in December 2009. Since then PG&E has outfitted a portion of their fleet with the LED StarBeam. The LED StarBeam is available for order through K&H Industries, Altec Industries, and Terex Corporation.
Intematix Claims Price-Performance Benchmark with Warm White LEDs
SSLighting Design News Staff
April 29, 2010...One of the key barriers in the adoption of LED lighting is the initial cost. Intematix, an innovator in phosphors and LEDs, reports having achieved the pricing benchmark of below 1-cent per warm white lumen with the company's C1109D LED.
The Fremont, California-based company introduced its C1109D, which ranges from 450 lumens at 143 lumens per dollar in cool white, to 345 lumens at 110 lumens per dollar in high color quality warm white. The ceramic-packaged LED is nominally rated at just 4.7 watts. Intematix boasts that the typical incandescent bulb would require 25 to 30 watts for an equivalent light output.
As with other Intematix patented chip-array-on-ceramic LEDs, the C1109D leverages Intematix' widely recognized patent-backed phosphors, with special production techniques, to deliver what the company says is impressive color quality and highly controlled bin selections. At 4.7 watts, C1109D series delivers 95 lumens per watt (lm/W) from the 5000K correlated color temperature (CCT) cool white version. The 3000K CCT warm white version has a high color rendering index (CRI greater than 80) and a luminous efficacy of 73.4 lm/W.
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Driving down the costs - Part 1
Tom Griffiths - Publisher
April 29, 2010...One of the common questions we get from those outside of the "chip head" side of the industry is, "Why don't they just make the LEDs (and/or solar cells) cheaper? It can't be rocket science." Well, actually, part of it is, or nearly so, and others parts are driven by the economics including "economies of scale" that everyone is always so knowledgeable about. Make no mistake, we'll get there, but it is a process of innovation that will follow an evolutionary path, helped along with some occasional breakthroughs. In the first of this two-part commentary, we'll cover what's happening to move those costs down at the bottom and in some detail at the top of the chain, with Part 2 aimed at the middle and fleshing out that view from the top a bit more.
Materials and reactors... It all starts, not surprisingly, at the bottom. For those coming from a higher level of the food chain, the simplest analogy the industry offers is that making semiconductors is like making a pizza. You have a crust, called a substrate, that everything is layered on. Then comes the sauce, which is a blend of just the right main ingredients, and little added "spices" that make it unique to the particulars of the kind of pizza you're making. That sauce is the "epitaxial layers" or simply "epi". In this case, you cook it while you add the secret ingredients that make up the sauce, and what you get at the end is an "epi-wafer". Some of the ingredients manufacturers blend include gallium, indium and arsenic (called "source metals"), along with other ingredients, which are basically vaporized and then showered very precisely over the sapphire or silicon-carbide substrate in big things called epitaxial reactors. The most common of the volume production techniques is to use MOCVD, or metal oxide chemical vapor deposition. Taken one word at a time, the name is actually pretty sensible.
Those machines are not cheap, running probably $1.5M to $2M+ each, nor are they simple. They use a lot of electricity and take a fair amount of time to get the layers just right. The rocket science in the machine itself is how to get exactly the right amount of everything even blended, across the whole substrate, on multiple substrates at a time, to tolerances in the range of hundredths of a millimeter. The objective is uniform coverage that minimizes the "defects" which may be holes, or cracks, or shortage or overages of elements in the material that's supposed to be there. How well you do at this step will set the stage for the overall yield, or "percentage of good devices" you get from a wafer. More is better, since you go to all the trouble, time and expense of getting the materials on there, you want every square millimeter to be useful. The reactors take time to do their job, take time to finish one run and set up for the next, and also need maintenance (as you can imagine, flowing a bunch of hot metals at high pressure take their toll on the equipment). There is also a need to purge out anything that's not part of the formula for any particular run, so changing from one color LED, or efficiency level of a solar cell, to another, takes time to clean the previous formula's leftovers out.
Improvements are happening, and while incremental, they are noticeable. A few years back, at one of our Blue conferences in Taiwan, currently the larger of the "Big 2" when it comes to our world of non-silicon epi-reactors, Aixtron, was sharing the migration path to larger wafer sizes. In the simplest context, edges are useless for putting devices on, and the larger the wafer, the lower the ratio of "useless" edge to "useful" interior. A move from 2-inch to 4-inch, and then 4- to 6-inch wafers can provide a substantial increase in the yield per square millimeter from each run if (big if) you can maintain the uniformity. Veeco has made a big push recently to clearly communicate its intention to drive the fabrication costs, from the substrate through a device ready to packaged, down by a factor of 4 by 2015. According to Jim Jenson, Veeco's VP of Marketing for their MOCVD business, these reactors, and their accessories, currently make up about 50% of the capital expense of an LED fab. Their model K465i, introduced in January, has brought in a new approach to the deposition nozzle (technically, their "uniform flow flange") that has enabled a whole bunch of things to get better all at once. Jensen claims that their customers have seen yield improvements from what has traditionally been in the mid-70% range to something more in the 90's with this update. That represents just a yield-based cost reduction of 20-25%. Yield improvements ripple through the whole LED manufacturing process, as a higher percentage of good devices means that for the same amount of work at each step (such as fabrication of the chips and testing), more LEDs get produced. Changes to the line have also shortened the time it takes to get a new reactor up to speed, with recent results being customers having being able to take delivery of one of the reactors, and fully qualify their process on it in just 2.5 months.
LEDs, the other rocket science... It wasn't that long ago that packaged "lighting quality" LEDs were running at $10 for 100 lumens, or 10-cents per lumen (remember, blue and white weren't commercially available until around 2002/2003). Announcements in the last few months have shown us 2-cents per lumen (Cree), then 1.5-cents (Bridgelux), and most recently less than 1-cent for warm white (Intematix, part of today's news). It's assured that Philips, Osram, Nichia and others out there aren't standing pat at 10-cents per, they just didn't happen to specifically promote the price in the their announcements. That's a factor of 10 decrease in something like 5 years. We'll discuss what's driving that in the next installment of this commentary.
Supporting components... Suffice it to say in Part I here that there's room for improvement in both drivers (which feed and control the LEDs) and power supplies (which feed the drivers). The capable and reliable ones aren't cheap, especially when it comes to the power supplies.
Integrated lamps and luminaires... When do we get a $5 LED lightbulb? Maybe never, but not because it can't be done, but rather because it won't make sense to. At some point, a product becomes "cheap enough" that mass market adoption proceeds simply because it is a better solution than what existed before. One of my continuing favorite examples to evaluate some of what is happening, and what we think will happen in this industry, is the progression of the PC market. Introduced in the early 1980's, they started out as $2000 tools, and $1000 toys. You had to really need one for business at $2000, and most mid-sized or larger companies were doing just fine on the "cost per terminal" with their existing minicomputers. Small businesses had nothing in the way of a computer, and couldn't afford the $50,000 to $100,000 or more for their few employees who would benefit. $2000 for the PC, plus another few thousand for what was likely custom software, was way better than paying an extra accountant $30K a year (back then) to do the math on paper. As the business-level machines came closer to $1000, the 20-50 seat installations began to make sense as well, and massive adoption proceeded. Later, $500 PCs put them in most of our homes, but did you notice, they didn't keep heading on down to $300, or less (other than rare deals, so super-strippers)? The distribution channel (retailers) couldn't make the money they needed at that kind of price, and having PCs in every consumer electronics store drove far more sales than a lower price (by mail order) every would. They hit the value point at $500 and have stayed there, with features and capabilities being added, rather than prices proceeding lower.
We can expect to see much the same approach in LEDs, and interestingly, there's a bit of a challenge picking what that number might be. We'll explore some of what is driving that for replacement lamps ("bulbs") and luminaires in the next installment. (Continue to Part 2)...
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